While most fetuses with IUGR usually have no complications, there is an increased risk for intrapartum asphyxia, neonatal hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, meconium aspiration, and neurodevelopmental delays. The following summarizes these complications:

Intrapartum Asphyxia

Because the fetus is compromised with IUGR, its ability to tolerate the stress of labor is decreased. Therefore, when uterine contractions occur and the flow of blood to the fetus is diminished with each contraction, the fetus with IUGR may not be able to adapt. This leads to an imbalance between the ability of the placenta to supply the fetus with oxygen and nutrients and the need for these substances. When an imbalance occurs, this may lead to an accumulation of byproducts resulting in acidosis which can be harmful. If intrapartum asphyxia is allowed to progress, irreversible brain damage can occur.
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Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Hypocalcemia

As the result of IUGR, a newborn may be deficient in glucose (sugar) and calcium. The lack of these important substances can result in significant compromise to the newborn and result in neurological damage.
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Meconium Aspiration

This occurs when the fetus defecates in the uterus resulting in the appearance of a brown, murky substance. Since the contents from the fetal bowel contains many substances that can be harmful to the fetus if swallowed, meconium aspiration is of major concern. In severe forms, the newborn may develop lung disease resulting in respiratory and cardiovascular complications that could lead to neonatal death.
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Neurodevelopmental Delay

A number of studies have shown that fetuses with significant IUGR are at higher risk for developmental delays, cardiovascular disease, and other problems later in life. For these reasons, and those stated above, it is important to identify the fetus with IUGR and manage the pregnancy accordingly
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